the older comprehensive Empire, as “nations” or “national 
     states”, and popular loyalty to their sovereigns has 
     sometimes been described as “nationalism”. But it must 
     rigidly be borne in mind that they were not “nations” in 
     the primitive tribal sense and that their “nationalism” had 
     other foundation than that of present-day nationalism. 
     The European “nations” of the sixteenth century were 
     more akin to small empires than to large tribes.

     Hayes is mystified by the peculiar character of modern 
internationalism which began with the primitivistic obsession of 
the eighteenth century: “Modern nationalism signifies a more or 
less purposeful effort to revive primitive tribalism on an 
enlarged and more artificial scale.” (p. 12) But since the 
telegraph and radio, the globe has contracted, spatially, into a 
single large village. Tribalism is our only resource since the